NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD) - Please read more about NAD under the category NutriNAD

• Derivatives of niacin, mainly in the form of NAD and NADP coenzymes, are found abundantly in brain tissue. In the case of niacin deficiency, the brain's supply of NAD declines sharply and the functioning of the brain is disturbed. If the NAD deficiency lasts for an extended period, permanent brain damage develops.

PANTOTHENIC ACID (VIT B5)

• Vit B5 fulfils a role in the formation of hormones by the adrenal gland, the formation of antibodies, the utilisation of other vitamins and assists with the conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into energy. It can make a therapeutical contribution to the treatment of depression and anxiety

PYRIDOXINE (VIT B6)

• This vitamin fulfils an important role in most bodily functions and promotes physical and mental well-being.
• It in particular plays a role in the formation of hydrochloric acid, reducing water-retention, the absorption of fats and proteins, the activation of various enzymes, alleviating the symptoms of premenstrual tension and allergies.
• Pyridoxine deficiency is generally prevalent in alcoholics. Symptoms, that are often associated with deficiency, include depression, confusion and sometimes convulsions
• A deficiency of this vitamin can cause convulsions, lethargy, mental changes and retardation, inflamation of the skin and anemia
• During pregnancy and lactation the requirement for vitamin B₆ increases approximately 0.6 mg/day.

RIBOFLAVIN (VIT B2)

• Riboflavin is required for the production of red blood-cells, antibodies, cellular respiration and growth. It also aids the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
• Deficiencies are normally indicated, by small cracks and small sores in the corners of the mouth
• Riboflavin deficiency is also identified in alcoholism. Symptoms associated with riboflavin deficiency include, glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomatitis, cheilosis and photophobia.
• Riboflavin decomposes when exposed to visible light. This characteristic can lead to riboflavin deficiencies in newborns treated for hyperbilirubinemia by phototherapy

THIAMINE (VIT B1)

• Thiamine improves circulation and aids the formation of hydrochloric acid, blood and the metabolism of carbohydrates. It also plays a part in energy, growth, learning and the normal functioning of muscles in the stomach, heart and intestines
• Thiamine deficiencies and alcoholism are discussed in the work of various researchers.
• The earliest symptoms of thiamin deficiency include constipation, appetite suppression, nausea as well as mental depression, peripheral neuropathy and fatigue.
• Chronic thiamin deficiency leads to more severe neurological symptoms including ataxia, mental confusion and loss of eye coordination. Other clinical symptoms of prolonged thiamin deficiency are related to cardiovascular and musculature defects.
• The severe thiamin deficiency disease known as Beriberi, is the result of a diet that is carbohydrate rich and thiamin deficient.
• An additional thiamin deficiency related disease is known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This disease is most commonly found in chronic alcoholics due to their poor dietetic lifestyles

TYROSINE

• Tyrosine is important in the treatment of anxiety, depression, allergy and headache.
• It plays a part in the pigmentation of the skin and hair, adrenal gland-, thyroid gland- and pituitary gland activity. It also acts as an antidepressant, controls appetite and reduces body fat
• A study shows significant decrease of tyrosine in depressed bipolar disorders; significant decrease in depressed bipolar disorders and a significant decrease in recurrent major depression^.
• On the very first day of treatment with tyrosine supplementation a return to positive mood, as judged by clinical impression and objective scores was observed. Sleep recordings showed an immediate improvement of sleep parameters

ZINC

• Most of the 300 different zinc-dependent enzymes, are involved with intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis, gene expression, and immunocompetence. It also plays a significant role in hormonal homeostasis, since it can interact with almost all hormones
• Zinc is important for the formation of proteins and collagen, the normal functioning of the immune system, the sense of smell and taste, and for the healing of wounds.
• Zinc pays a part in the activity of the prostrate gland and in the growth of sexual organs
• A relationship is indicated between zinc deficiency and alcoholism by various researchers
• Zinc is essential for biological functions of all living matter. Zinc is necessary for growth, appetite, testicular maturation, skin integrity, mental activity, wound healing and immunocompetence. Zinc has been shown to have an antioxidant role(s) in defined chemical systems

ACETYL-CARNITINE

• Acetyl-carnitine plays an essential role in energy production and in clearing toxic accumulations of fatty acids in the mitochondria.
   
• Acetyl-carnitine may be a neuroprotective agent, especially in dementia, due to its: antioxidizing action; mitochondrial energy supply; membrane stability function; and cholinergic transmission enhancement
• Intensive acetyl-carnitine treatment can result in a significant improvement in the main mental parameters of the senile brain, without occurrence of significant side-effects
• Acetyl-carnitine may benefit patients with Alzheimer's dementia, depression in the elderly, HIV-infection, diabetic neuropathies, ischemia and reperfusion of the brain, and cognitive impairment due to alcoholism
• Acetyl-carnitine may have a beneficial effect on some clinical features of Alzheimer-type dementia, particularly those related to short-term memory
• Acetyl-carnitine seems to induce an enhancement of reflex velocity, with complete annulment of the differences between the dominant and the opposite hand, as well as a significant reduction of both the errors and the time with a maze test
• Down syndrome patients treated with acetyl-carnitine showed statistically significant improvements of visual memory and attention in absolute terms

CHROMIUM PICOLINATE

• Chromium is an essential mineral, which contributes together with insulin, to stable levels of blood-sugar, appetite and control of weight. Chromium also plays an important part in building muscle and in the burning of fat. The best way, in which to supplement chromium, is by means of chromium picolinate or chromium polinicotinate
• Older persons do not get enough chromium from a balanced diet.
• Researchers found in their study of 36 obese persons, that their lean body-mass (muscle mass) increased without affecting the loss in weight that had been achieved, after 26 weeks of supplementation with chromium picolinate

GUAIFENESIN

• Dr. St. Amand discovered that using the uricorsuric, guaifenesin, in patients with fibromyalgia, he could improve all the symptoms of FM by decreasing the excessive accumulation of phosphate in cells. He was actually reducing the excess pyrophosphate in cells that accumulated and inhibited the production of energy, or ATP
• Guaifenesin is a common and safe over-the-counter herbal preparation with mucous expectorant properties. It has been around for over seventy years
• Guaifenesin is a centrally acting muscle relaxant, with its action on the internuncial neurons of the spinal cord
• The mean half-life of guaifenesin in human subjects was found to be 2.88 h and ranged from 1.36 to 5.25 h612.
• The results of one study indicate that guaifenesin may improve cervical mucus and improve fertility
•  Guaifenesin plays a significant role in energy related disorders

HYPERICUM (St JOHN’s WORT POWDER)

• Hypericum perforatum, better known as St. John's Wort, has been used clinically for centuries. Modern usage is still varying and includes kidney and lung ailments, insomnia and depression.
•  Extracts of hypericum are widely used in the treatment of psychovegetative disorders and especially for mild forms of depression.
• One study in which 101 children under 12 years with mild to moderate depression treated with St John's wort (dosage used ranged from 300 to 1800 mg per day) for a minimum of 4 weeks with an extension to 6 weeks showed a physicians rating effectiveness as 'good' or 'excellent' as 100% after 6 weeks. The results of this study suggest that Hypericum is a potentially safe and effective treatment for children with symptoms of depression.

CO-ENZYME Q10

• The prevalence of co-enzyme Q10 in the body declines with age.
• It plays an important part in improving immunity, ageing, allergy, asthma, obesity, diabetes and in the treatment and prevention of cancer.
• Oral administration of coenzyme Q10 can increase plasma levels in patients with Parkinson's disease.
• Oral administration of CoQ10 significantly decreased elevated lactate levels in patients with Huntington's disease and the administration of CoQ10 may be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases

HYDROXYCITRIC ACID (HCA)

• Hydroxycitric acid play a part in the loss of weight, by reducing fat and the formation of cholesterol.

L-ARGININE

• Role of arginine in health and in renal disease.
• "In addition to participating in protein synthesis in cells and tissues, L-arginine is essential for the synthesis of urea, creatine, creatinine, nitric oxide, and agmatine and influences hormonal release and the synthesis of pyrimidine bases. This places L-arginine, its precursors and its metabolites at the centre of the interaction of different metabolic pathways and interorgan communication.
• Thus L-arginine participates in changing the internal environment in different but simultaneous ways, ranging from disposal of protein metabolic waste, muscle metabolism, vascular regulation, immune system function, and neurotransmission, to RNA synthesis and hormone-mediated regulation of the internal milieu
• L-arginine significantly lowered blood pressure and affected renal function and carbohydrate metabolism in healthy volunteers
• Oral L-arginine improved myocardial perfusion during exercise in a subset of patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries
• As a nutrient substrate, arginine is non-toxic, and may benefit surgical patients who are at increased risk of infection
• The growth in vitro of human breast cancer cells was inhibited by a daily supplement of L-arginine
• Regardless of the mechanism, a wide array of cardiovascular disorders characterized by endothelial dysfunction are reversible by L-arginine
• L-arginine exerts favourable effects in the prevention and treatment of endothelial damage and the restoration of endothelial function in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and advanced age) or with several chronic cardiovascular disorders (coronary, peripheral and cerebral vascular disease, and mild-to-moderate heart failure)
• Arginine supplements may help with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Arginine has also been shown to reduce chemical carcinogenesis. Arginine can enhance hormone release, improve immunity and increase the rate of wound healing after trauma, burns or surgery.
• It may be of help in asthma because the nitric oxide it produces is also a relaxant of the bronchial muscles

L-CARNITINE

• Conditions which seem to benefit from exogenous supplementation of carnitine include anorexia, chronic fatigue, coronary vascular disease, diphtheria, hypoglycemia, male infertility, muscular myopathies, and Rett syndrome.
• Preterm infants, dialysis patients, and HIV positive individuals seem to be prone to a deficiency of carnitine, and benefit from supplementation
• Carnitine is essential for mitochondrial production of energy. Carnitine can be used safely and it improves the clinical state of patients, who suffer from chronic fatigue
• Carnitine plays a role in the modulation of the intramitochondrial acetyl-CoA/CoA ratio enhancing glucose oxidation.
• Carnitine assists in the transportation of long fatty-acid compounds and plays a role in weight loss, reduces the risk of heart problems and improves athletic performance
• Carnitine deficiency was encountered in alcoholics
• A study demonstrated that carnitine increases exercise tolerance in patients with impaired exercise tolerance.
•  Sufferers of anorexia respond well to carnitine supplements, particularly in respect of intellectual performance
• Carnitine supplements are also used regularly as nutritional supplementation during the treatment of obesity

MAGNESIUM

• Magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, has several critically important roles in the body. In addition to energy production and maintaining electrolyte balance, magnesium is essential for normal neuromuscular function as well as calcium and potassium transport
• Deficiency can lead to irritability, nervousness, depression, lightheadedness, muscular weakness, tremors, heart problems and high blood pressure
• Magnesium deficiency, which occurs as a result of poor intake, poor absorption, excessive secretion in urine and reduced cellular take-up, were identified amongst alcoholics
• Persons who suffer from chronic fatigue, have reduced levels of red blood-cell magnesium.
• Chronic fatigued persons reported improvements in respect of levels of energy, emotional state and less pain, after they had been treated with magnesium
• Magnesium is an important element for health. Magnesium, has been identified as a cofactor in over 300 enzymatic reactions involving energy metabolism and protein and nucleic acid synthesis
• The interrelationships between magnesium and carbohydrate metabolism have regained considerable interest over the last few years. Insulin secretion requires magnesium: magnesium deficiency results in impaired insulin secretion while magnesium replacement restores insulin secretion
• Results shows that short-term oral magnesium therapy may improve liver cell function, electrolyte status, and muscle strength in chronic alcoholics
• One study with 43 migraine patients showed that magnesium may be useful in the prevention of migraine attacks.